This illustration of a section through Brothers Volcano shows the evolution of the hydrothermal systems there. Initially, the NW caldera site was formed, followed by the emplacement of the volcanic cone in the southern part of the caldera, where a second hydrothermal field was formed. Originating from the magma below this field, gases eventually find their way to the sea floor where they are expelled. de Ronde et al., 2005, Evolution of a submarine magmatic-hydrothermal system: Brothers volcano, southern Kermadec arc, New Zealand. Economic Geology, v. 100, p. 1097-1133.
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