This cross-section of NW Rota 1 shows the distribution of particles suspended in the waters around the volcano, as measured by an optical turbidity sensor mounted on a CTD package (“tow-yo” path shown by black sawtooth line). The thin plumes above the volcano originate from Brimstone Pit at the summit. The extremely thick plume layers below about 700 m appear to be very small particles of volcanic debris shaken off the volcano flanks by small earthquakes associated with magma movement inside the volcano. Image courtesy of Submarine Ring of Fire 2004 Exploration, NOAA Vents Program.
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